Using Grounded Theory in Your Dissertation Research

By Dr. James W., PhD in Computer Science. Reviewed by Dr. Lisa H.. 2025-11-12.

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Key takeaways

• Grounded theory generates theory from data rather than testing existing theories
• Three coding stages: open (labeling), axial (connecting), selective (integrating)
• Theoretical sampling lets emerging analysis guide data collection decisions
• Theoretical saturation signals when to stop collecting data
• Memo writing throughout the process captures analytical thinking
• Grounded theory requires significant time investment but produces rich theoretical insights

What Is Grounded Theory?

Grounded theory is a systematic qualitative research methodology designed to generate theory from data rather than testing pre-existing theories. Developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, it has become one of the most widely used qualitative approaches in social science research.

The distinguishing feature of grounded theory is its iterative process: data collection and analysis occur simultaneously, with emerging findings guiding subsequent data collection. Rather than beginning with a hypothesis, grounded theory researchers begin with a broad research question and allow the theory to 'emerge' from the data through systematic analysis.

Grounded theory is particularly valuable when existing theories don't adequately explain the phenomenon you're studying, when you're exploring a new or under-researched topic, or when you want to develop a substantive theory with practical applications.

The Coding Process

Grounded theory analysis involves three stages of coding: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding.

Open coding is the initial analysis where you break data into discrete parts, examine them for similarities and differences, and assign conceptual labels (codes). Line-by-line coding ensures thorough engagement with the data. Open coding generates many codes that you then group into categories.

Axial coding involves making connections between categories and subcategories. You explore how categories relate to each other, identifying conditions, strategies, and consequences. The goal is to develop more complex, interconnected explanations.

Selective coding is the final stage where you identify a core category, the central phenomenon around which all other categories are organized. This core category becomes the basis of your grounded theory. Every category in your theory should relate to this core concept.

Theoretical Sampling and Saturation

Unlike predetermined sampling in quantitative research, grounded theory uses theoretical sampling: the emerging analysis guides who you interview or what you observe next. You collect data from sources that can best inform the developing theory, filling in gaps and testing emerging categories.

Theoretical saturation occurs when new data no longer generates new codes, categories, or insights. Saturation signals that your theory is sufficiently developed and that further data collection would be redundant. Achieving saturation is essential for demonstrating the rigor of your grounded theory study.

Memo writing is another critical component. Throughout the research process, write theoretical memos that capture your analytical thinking: ideas about codes, connections between categories, emerging hypotheses, and methodological decisions. These memos form the foundation of your theory and provide an audit trail that enhances the study's trustworthiness.